secular brotherhoods of scribes.

Middle Ages as in Western

reproduced by hand, in contrast

Since manuscripts are subject to deterioration

Since manuscripts are subject to deterioration

The most common form

Since the era of Charlemagne

for Countess Louise of Savoy

commonly associated with

reproduced by hand, in contrast

term manuscript (late lat.manuscriptum,

written on the parchment was scratched out

for Countess Louise of Savoy

XVII century was Nicholas Jarry [fr].

drafts of literary works